![]() ![]() ![]() MER measures the “fuzziness” of the constellation. In order to derive the MER, the test instrument sums the RMS error magnitude over many samples, at each point in the constellation, and averages them. Note that, while the RMS vector magnitude is constant for each point in the constellation, the RMS error magnitude will change for each symbol, since random processes are at work. The error magnitude and the vector magnitude are defined in Figure 4.22(b). MER = 10 log RMS error magnitude RMS vector magnitude We need to know the quality of the channel even when things are going well. Thus, it is not enough to know that a picture is good or that data is being transmitted efficiently. Since the change in transmission quality between a perfect picture and no picture is very small, it is possible that a technician will leave a home with perfect picture quality, only to have the subscriber call a few minutes later with no picture at all. Even in this region, however, we are interested in knowing the quality of the channel. However, above a certain noise density, the BER is so high we either don't see errors or at least don't have the patience to wait long enough to measure them. In the left region, where transmission quality is low, the BER specifies the quality of the signal. The transmission quality includes degradation due to noise, distortion, frequency response errors, group delay, echo, gain compression, and other things that can damage the quality of the digital signal. When we act as the lender’s engineer, these can supplied as draw-down reports for project payments to the contractor.Figure 4.22(a) plots bit error rate against transmission quality. Progress reports provide you with impartial data on quality performance, budget and scheduling of the project. These offer an objective opinion, based on the agreed selection criteria for your project and proposals from the potential contractors.ĭuring the project, we can supply objective deviation reports, giving independent feedback and advice on any quality deviations, as well as progress reports. We can also provide you with contractor selection reports. These cover the project quality, structure and approach providing important support for financing parties, particularly at FID. Before the project goes ahead we can supply due diligence reports. This allows you to take decisions based on a sound technical risk analysis.ĭepending on the stage of the project, we deliver a range of deliverables. Importantly, our experts and consultants can both assess the project quality and provide advice on acceptability, replacement or repair when quality or performance falls below contractually agreed levels. advise on whether the shortfalls are acceptable or not.ĭepending on the size of project, we supply an individual specialist or a team led by a project leader who acts as your single project contact and ensures the appropriate specialists are available exactly when you need them.investigation of possible shortfalls from agreed quality levels, establishing their nature and potential risk to project.during execution through QA and QC of contractor performance.before FID (Final Investment Decision) by assisting with final supplier selection.Based on the project specifications, we can support project managers: Independent quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) helps you ensure the contractor meets agreed performance levels both for the quality of the work and its timeliness – are milestones being met and is the project on budget?Īs an independent party, DNV can act as the owner’s or lender’s engineer or provide QA and QC for T&D projects. On any such project, objective assessment of quality can play a vital role. Large T&D projects are taking place across the world, from replacing and strengthening the grid in regions like the US, Europe and the Middle East, to new developments in Africa. Media Newsroom Events Blogs: Energy in transition Sector insights Maritime Power and renewables Oil and gasĭNV Group About us Corporate governance Research & development Joint Industry Projects DNV Ventures Sustainability Annual reportsīusiness areas Maritime Energy Systems Business Assurance Supply Chain & Product Assurance Digital Solutions Veracity data platformĬareers Overview Job opportunities Career development Why DNV? Meet our people Diversity & inclusion Ship management, operations and ship design.Reliability, availability and maintainability (RAM).Electric grid performance and reliability. ![]() Offshore classification – fleet in service.Digital monitoring of medium-voltage cable networks.Transmission and distribution project quality assurance and quality control Power and renewables Sectors Services Insights About us Sign in Sign in to Veracity Open menu Open search ![]()
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